IVF Considerations in Prenuptial Agreements: A Guide for Family Law Practitioners
Introduction
As assisted reproductive technologies (ART) become increasingly common, family law practitioners must adapt their approach to prenuptial agreements to address the unique challenges presented by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and other fertility treatments. This article examines the complex intersection of prenuptial planning and fertility treatments, offering guidance for attorneys advising clients who may pursue IVF during their marriage.
Understanding Client Fertility Intentions
Before drafting IVF provisions in a prenuptial agreement, attorneys should facilitate thorough discussions with clients about their reproductive plans and values:
Current fertility status: Has either party been diagnosed with fertility issues? Have they already begun fertility treatments?
Future family planning: Do both parties desire children? Is there a timeline?
Fertility treatment attitudes: What are each party's views on various ART options, including donor gametes, surrogacy, or embryo adoption?
Religious and ethical considerations: Do the parties have religious or ethical positions that might impact fertility decisions?
Financial resources: What assets are available for potentially expensive treatments?
These conversations, while sensitive, establish the foundation for creating provisions that truly reflect client intentions and protect both parties' interests.
Key Provisions to Consider
1. Embryo Disposition
Perhaps the most critical IVF-related provision in a prenuptial agreement concerns the disposition of cryopreserved embryos in the event of divorce. Options include:
Awarding to one party: Specifying that embryos will be awarded to a particular spouse (often the one with greater infertility challenges)
Destruction: Mandating that embryos be thawed and discarded
Donation: Directing embryos to research or to other infertile couples
Joint decision requirement: Requiring mutual consent for any future use
Renegotiation clause: Stipulating that parties will engage in mediation to determine disposition if divorce occurs
Courts have historically been divided on the enforceability of such provisions, with some jurisdictions favoring the party wishing to avoid unwanted genetic parenthood and others enforcing contractual agreements. The prenup should acknowledge this legal uncertainty while clearly stating the parties' intentions.
2. Financial Responsibility for Treatments
Prenuptial agreements should address the financial aspects of fertility treatments:
Allocation of costs: Will expenses be shared equally or proportionally to income?
Treatment limits: Is there a cap on financial commitment for treatments?
Insurance considerations: How will insurance coverage (or lack thereof) factor into financial planning?
Debt responsibility: How will debt incurred for fertility treatments be allocated in case of divorce?
Reimbursement provisions: If one party's separate property is used for treatments, will there be reimbursement in case of divorce?
3. Timeframe Considerations
Include provisions addressing:
Treatment duration: Is there a limit on how long the couple will pursue fertility treatments?
Age factors: Given the impact of age on fertility, are there age-related cutoffs for certain treatments?
Re-evaluation clauses: Provisions requiring reassessment of fertility plans after specified unsuccessful attempts
4. Third-Party Reproduction Issues
If donor gametes or surrogacy might be considered:
Decision-making process: How will the couple decide whether to use third-party reproduction?
Selection criteria: What process will be used to select donors or surrogates?
Financial responsibility: How will these additional costs be handled?
Legal parentage agreements: Acknowledgment that additional contracts will be needed with third parties
Disclosure to children: Agreement on whether and how to disclose donor origins to resulting children
5. Defining Marital vs. Separate Property
Clarify how embryos and reproductive material are classified:
Property classification: Are embryos considered marital property, separate property, or in a special category?
Genetic material status: How are eggs or sperm stored separately classified?
Children's status: Clear provisions stating that any children born from IVF are legal children of the marriage regardless of genetic connection
Enforceability Considerations
Several factors affect the enforceability of IVF provisions in prenuptial agreements:
Procedural Safeguards
To maximize enforceability, attorneys should ensure:
Separate representation: Each party should have independent legal counsel
Full disclosure: Complete financial disclosure, including insurance coverage for fertility treatments
Timing: Agreement executed well before wedding to avoid claims of duress
Informed consent: Documentation that parties understood the medical procedures involved and their implications
Regular updates: Provisions for reviewing and potentially updating the agreement as fertility circumstances change
Jurisdictional Variations
Attorneys must research and account for:
State-specific precedent: How local courts have ruled on embryo disposition cases
Statutory frameworks: Some states have enacted legislation specifically addressing embryo disposition
Constitutional considerations: Privacy and procreative liberty arguments that may affect enforcement
Choice of law provisions: If the couple might relocate, including provisions specifying which state's laws apply
Balancing Certainty and Flexibility
One of the greatest challenges in drafting IVF provisions is balancing clients' desire for certainty with the need for flexibility:
Modification triggers: Events that would trigger review of the provisions (e.g., diagnosis of new fertility issues)
Changed circumstances clauses: Language acknowledging that reproductive plans may evolve
Mediation requirements: Provisions requiring attempts at mediation before litigation if disputes arise
Values statements: Inclusion of statements about shared values regarding family creation to guide future interpretation
Psychological and Emotional Considerations
Beyond legal provisions, attorneys should counsel clients on:
Emotional implications: The emotional toll of specifying divorce scenarios while planning fertility treatments
Communication importance: The need for ongoing communication about fertility issues during marriage
Counseling recommendations: Suggesting fertility counseling alongside legal planning
Documentation of intentions: Creating records of discussions that led to particular provisions
Conclusion
Prenuptial agreements addressing IVF require delicate balancing of legal protection, emotional sensitivity, and practical flexibility. By combining thorough client counseling with carefully crafted provisions, family law practitioners can create agreements that provide meaningful guidance should a marriage dissolve while respecting the profound nature of decisions about family creation.
These agreements must be viewed as living documents subject to evolution as medical technology advances, legal precedents develop, and clients' circumstances change. The most effective prenuptial agreements addressing IVF will provide a framework for decision-making rather than attempting to dictate outcomes for all possible scenarios.
